Union and Nonunion Forms of Employee Representation

Union and Nonunion Forms of Employee Representation The history of workers shows us how important unions have been; it played a key role in the past and is playing a significant role in todays world scenarios. Unions just do not work for employees in a way they also help the employer by minimized turnover ratio, help reducing hiring and training cost associated with new employees. Because of all these reasons many times organisation prefers to have unionised set-up for employee voice preconisation. In these way the organisation save its resource and have smooth functioning in the company rather than using individualistic approach.(Freeman and Medoff 2004) tell about the positive sides of unions and say if the organisation takes proper care of it employees it can improve their performance at work place and also will motivate them. It wont be wrong to say union offers benefits to both employees and employers. Unions helps the employees to motivate by showing them promotion ladder and implementation of the collective interest and also by showing their rights they possess in the organisation but also their relation in state and in civil society. Unions encourage its members to be part of social welfare societies and take the given advantages. (Mike Donaldson 2008) talks about the history of labour union in Australian and how and when it came to its existence in Australia in early 1911. There it joined the linkage between the families and the organisation. It also tells about the very first stepping stone of labour trade union and their activities like the lockout at mining station and creating awareness of workers union. It is very important for union to make alliances with various forms of organisation and get interconnected within the states and the local working class and maintain strong relationship with other organisations. So the union keep term with the entire non government community organisation, small business and other organisation at state level and international level to form a productive relationship. (Gregor Gall 1998) With the help of these trade union organisations the workers can create a better working environment. It also helps to build trust within the organisation. Unions give a platform to employers to make good relationship with it employees and make critical but also constructive agreements for the welfare of the employees. (Rae Cooper, Bradon Ellem, Patricia Todd 2012) These articles talks about the new changes have been made in the Australian labour government fair work act 2009 and the restoration of collective bargaining as its main aim. The changes between 1996 and 2005 which are most important for assessing how the Fair Work Act was designed and has come to operate were those that altered bargaining arrangements and other changes which reduced union effectiveness. It briefly addressed each before dealing with the Fair Work Act itself. (Donna M. Buttigieg, Stephen J. Deery and Roderick D.lverson June 2008) article talks about the importance of union and shows us what all can go wrong without proper union in organisation. Its based on mobilization theory were in a large data is utilized for a survey done with financial service during renegotiation of collective bargaining contract. Through this survey it was clear that the masses would follow the union as they can experience sense of injustice done to employees when they held the collectivist orientation to work organisation. Perceptions of injustice are critical for collective action as they act as a means of separating workers from the employer in terms of shared interests, particularly where blame is attributed to management. Its the rights of the workers to join a union or be part of the union and accompanied by union official at disciplinary and grievance hearings. A fellow worker is chosen among the workers and is made a representative in non unionised setting who is more familiar with the association and can be the spoken person on behalf of the employees. These representatives perform various role in organisation they are many a times appointed by the management who carry the information from them and pass it widely within the employees.(Patmore 2006) non union representatives are normally functions in organisations which does not requires collective bargaining. All the employees are not part of unions and many times some employees disagree with the unions as well. Employees who are non unions members come to the representatives to take advice on legal duties or business transfers and also in situations of large scale redundancies. So she representatives help those employees who are not part of union and give them consultation on legal matters when it occurs. Many of the times these representatives are appointed by the management themselves so they can consult those employees who need them in performing legal duties and they dont have to search for such representatives when suddenly such legal duties are arise, these also helps the employees to improve their performance and be loyal and achieve their commitment done to employer.(Coyle-Shapiro, Jacqueline A-M. and Shore, Lynn M 2007) The different forms of non union representatives such as Representative of health bad safety, Representative of information and consultation representative, Pension representatives, work force agreement representative etc. These forms of non union representative also work for the welfare of the employees and they are well organised and have good terms with the management as well. Health and safety representatives of employees are appointed in the organisation, they are not part of any union but they are representatives who work for the health and safety issues of the employees. Under the regulation 1996 as amended in 1998, 1999 and 2005) these representatives are covered under health and safety of employees. These representatives are given proper training so that they can perform their duties well in the situation of safety and health measures, they are paid for these training programs which encourage the employees to get involved in such activites.Their main agenda is to provide better health facilities to employees at work place and maintain the safety rules. The form of non union representative is information and consultant representative who is been selected from the members of subsequent information and consultation body. These representatives have the rights to provide protection against dismissal. They have the rights to negotiate an agreement or the s tandard agreement under the regulations. They see to that the employees practise the following regulations and provisions established. Under the occupational and personal pension schemes (consultation by Employers and Miscellaneous Amendment) regulation 2006 the representatives of pension carry out their functions in the organisation. These pension representatives are parts of union and non union forms and are elected to give consultation on issues related to pension schemes to the employees in the organisation. Under the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006, known as TUPE gives consultation over the transfer of undertaking. When there are no union to carry collective bargaining purposes the non union representatives consultation under TUPE. Then we have workplace representatives in the organisations that function under the workforce agreements. These agreements are between the employer and employees were they have mutual understanding on issues like working time, maternity and paternity and fixed term employment. The union have more rights as compare to the non union representatives but both try their best to protect the rights of the employees and their should not be any injustice done to them in terms of work aagrements.These various form of non union work representatives have come up together and performing the same role of union without being part of any particular labour union organisation. With the modern times the views of people are changing and they are excepting the concept of non union representatives. There has been tremendous decline in the trade union organisations. Many countries develop as well as developing countries are encouraging the non union forms of representative. These non union representative make employees views known to management , help strengthen both managements and employees understanding of workplace issues and other matters affecting the business, help create an atmosphere of mutual trust betwe en employees and management and therefore improve workplace relations.( Martin Upchurch, Mike Richardson, Stephanie Tailby, Andy Danford, Paul Stewart 2006) Non-union forms of employee representation have become increasingly encouraged at uk work place and soon the trend is started all across the globe. Many organisations are promoting and supporting the non union representatives for betterment of the employees. To improve the individual and organisational performance partnership working style has been encouraged by the new labour, the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, the Confederation of British Industry and the TUC. The article is based on the survey done in UK financial sector were interview were taken and full organisation was involved including the manager and staff. It showed the linkage between the working pattern of non union employees representative and the employer. The survey was based on the employees attitude. The result of the survey cleared showed tha t the non union partnership framework that was functioning in the organisation was constrained to a limited structure and because of these reason the demands of the employees was bounded. (Paul J. Gollan 2005) the article seeks the weaker side of non union form and tried to show that these representatives have less power than unionism organisations and it more controlled by management of the organisation. With the help of analysis it showed the importance of unions in terms support and sustainability. It showed the European directive on information and consultation and how it implemented in in the UK law and its increasing focus on workplace representation arrangements. It was clearly shown that many issues were raised like effectiveness, impact and legitimacy of union because of non union representatives. There was lack of effective voice of non union form of representatives and these were the major problem at Eurotunnel. In the forthcoming implementations into UK law this perceptions of the lack of effective voices is given importance in the recent introduction of the European directive. The main implication of this case study was that he non union representative an d management and the employees were not well coordinated and the representatives could not do much the of employees interest. It is essential to have effective employee voice over workplace to achieve and maintain employees satisfaction. The main difference between union and non-union forms of employee representation is joint consultation between the management and employees. These help the management to understand the problems of employees and choose the appropriate solution to problems. It helps in variety of decision making and exercise of power; in contrast to unionism. It gives equal opportunity to employees to join the agreement of the employers as its done in unionism(Salamon, 2000) so it is more of management preference instead of employee or unions representatives as they are the one encouraging employees , invest money on the activities in the organisation so their decisions it should be considered. The only motive is better performance and cost effective production. To remove the operational problems it very important that joint consultation method expands in organisations and these will help to make wise decision making which will even seek for the employees opinions. Union and non union representatives b oth work for the welfare of the employees in the organisation, their major motive is to give security to employees and to enhance their work performance in the organisation. These organisations also help the employers to know the need and area for betterment for the employees. But we can even denies the fact that many of the times these unions become a threat to the employers and take the undue advantage of the power were as the non union representation lack the independence and because of these there position is weaker compare to union. Both union and non union works for the betterment of employee and boost to employees performance.

Government Intervention Essay

Discuss the case for and against government intervention in an economy. In most of the countries, the government has intervened in the market system. To some extent there is a dire need of government intervention in the market system, although there is a debate over this point among the economists. Many economists believe that the role of government intervention improves the market system. The government can easily enforce the rules that can help in the smooth functioning of the market system. On the other hand, there are economists who believe that government interventions in a market system are the reason of inefficiency in the system. There are some goods that underprovided and underconsumed. Such goods are cold merit goods. They can be defined in terms of their externality effects and also in terms of informational problems facing the consumer. A merit good is a product that society values and judges that everyone should have regardless of whether an individual wants them. In this sense, the government is acting paternally in providing merit goods and services. They believe that individuals may not act in their own best interest in part because of imperfect information about the benefits that can be derived. Good examples of merit goods include health services, education, and work training programmes. Why does the government provide merit goods and services? * To encourage consumption so that some of the positive externalities associated with merit goods can be achieved * To overcome the information failures linked to merit goods, not least when the longer-term private benefit of consumption is greater than the shorter-term benefit of consumption * On grounds of equity – because the government believes that consumption should not be based solely on the grounds of ability to pay for a good or service Education is an example of a merit good. Education should provide a number of external benefits that might not be taken into account by the free market. These include rising incomes and productivity for current and future generations; an increase in the occupational mobility of the labour force which should help to reduce unemployment and therefore reduce welfare spending. However, there are some goods which are thought to be ‘bad’ for you. They are cold demerit goods. Examples include the costs arising from consumption of alcohol, cigarettes and drugs together with the social effects of addiction to gambling. The consumption of demerit goods can lead to negative externalities. The government seeks to reduce consumption of demerit goods. Consumers may be unaware of the negative externalities that these goods create – they have imperfect information about long-term damage to their own health. The government may decide to intervene in the market for demerit goods and impose taxes on producers and / or consumers. Higher taxes cause prices to rise and should lead to a fall in demand. However high taxes increase unemployment because firms may relocate abroad increases cost of production for firms making the less competitive to firms in another countries where no tax is applied. But many economists argue that taxation is an ineffective and inequitable way of curbing the consumption of drugs and gambling particularly for those affected by addiction. Banning consumption through regulation may reduce demand, but risks creating secondary (illegal) or underground markets in the product. Market failure with demerit goods – the free market may fail to take into account the negative externalities of consumption because the social cost is less then private cost. Consumers too may experience imperfect information about the long term costs to themselves of consuming products deemed to be demerit goods. The social optimal level of consumption would be Q3 – the output that takes into account the information failure of consumers and also the negative externalities. One way to solve this problem is to try to remove the information failure. Information deficits can often lead to a misallocation of resources and hence the possibility of market failure. Information failure occurs when people have inaccurate, incomplete, uncertain or misunderstood data and so make potentially ‘wrong’ choices. Government action can have a role in improving information to help consumers and producers value the ‘true’ cost and/or benefit of a good or service. Examples might include: * Compulsory labeling on cigarette packages with health warnings to reduce smoking * Improved nutritional information on foods to counter the risks of growing obesity * Anti speeding television advertising to reduce road accidents and advertising campaigns to raise awareness of the risks of drink-driving * Advertising health screening programmes / information campaigns on the dangers of addiction Another dvantage of government intervention is the national minimum wage. The national minimum wage was introduced into the UK in 1999. It is an intervention in the labour market designed to increase the pay of lower-paid workers and thereby influence the distribution of income in society. In October 2005, the value of the minimum wage for adults was ? 5. 05 – following a series of small increases over recent years. The main aims of the minimum wage 1. The equity justification: That every job should offer a fair rate of pay commensurate with the skills and experience of an employee 2. Labour market incentives: The NMW is designed to improve the incentives for people to start looking for work – thereby boosting the economy’s available labour supply 3. Labour market discrimination: The NMW is a tool designed to offset some of the effects of persistent discrimination of many low-paid female workers and younger employees A diagram showing the possible effects of a minimum wage is shown above. The market equilibrium wage for this particular labour market is at W1 (where demand = supply). If the minimum wage is set at Wmin, there will be an excess supply of labour equal to E3 – E2 because the supply of labour will expand (more workers will be willing and able to offer themselves for work at the higher wage than before) but there is a risk that the demand for workers from employers (businesses) will contract if the minimum wage is introduced. Although all political parties are now committed to keeping the minimum wage, there are still plenty of economists who believe that setting a pay floor represents a distortion to the way the labour market works because it reduces the flexibility of the labour market 1. Competitiveness and Jobs: Firstly a minimum wage may cost jobs because a rise in labour costs makes it more expensive to employ people and higher labour costs might damage the international competitiveness of British producers. To the extent that rising unemployment worsens the living standards of those affected it has a negative impact on poverty. 2. Effect on relative poverty: Is the minimum wage the most effective policy to reduce relative poverty? There is evidence that it tends to boost the incomes of middle-income households where more than one household member is lready in work whereas the greatest risk of relative poverty is among the unemployed, elderly and single parent families where the parent is not employed. Government intervenes to stabilise farmer’s income and reduce price fluctuations using buffer stock schemes. The prices of agricultural products tend to fluctuate more violently than the price of manufactured products and services. This is largely due to the volatility in the supply of agricultural products coupled with the fact that demand and supply are price inelastic. Buffer stock schemes seek to stabilise the market price of agricultural products by buying up supplies of the product when harvests are plentiful and selling stocks of the product onto the market when supplies are low. The supply curves S1 and S2 represent the supply of wheat at the end of two different seasons. Supply is perfectly inelastic since farmers cannot change the quantity supplied onto the market post harvest. The organisation wishes to keep price fluctuations within a certain band: it will not allow the price of the product to rise above P max or to fall below P min. Assume that in one particular year there is a bumper harvest so that S1 is supplied onto the market. In absence of any intervention the market price would drop below P min, so the organisation buys up AB of the product to increase the market price up to P min. In the next year bad weather may result in a poor harvest so that only S2 is supplied. The market price would rise above the maximum permitted by the organisation, so the organisation sells CD of its stocks onto the market to reduce the price to P max. In contrast buffer stocks do not often work well in practice. Perishable items can not be stored for long periods of time and can therefore be immediately ruled out of buffer stock schemes. There are also high administrative and storage costs to be considered. Also education or healh sphere can suffer. The economists have a mixed view about the importance and effects of government intervention in the market system, it can be said that government interventions should aim at working with the market system that is already existing rather than implementing policies that make great changes. If the government intervention is such that it introduces inefficiencies greater than rationalizing the entire market system, there is a threat of damaging the economy. The distorted government intervention can lead to consumer dissatisfaction and higher costs. Most of the economists are of the view that government interventions should be facilitating in nature rather than having a direct control over the market.

A Classroom Divided By Martin Luther King Jr. - 932 Words

A Classroom Divided, is a Classroom United On the day following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., third grade teacher Mrs. Elliot altered her lesson plans surrounding the class unit on discrimination to concretely teach the students by having them experience the unfairness of bigotry firsthand. In 1970, the lesson was filmed for a documentary to demonstrate the implications of stereotypes. The class was split into two groups based on a characteristic of minimal importance in the societal context: eye-color, to develop stereotypical behaviors among the students. On Tuesday, the first day of the experiment, the students were deemed the â€Å"blue-eyed students† and the â€Å"brown-eyed students.† In order, to develop the same type of racism that is generated among whites and colors, Mrs. Elliot started to describe the differences between the two groups. The brown-eyed students were deemed less intelligent and inform that they would be allowed five minutes less time for recess, not be allowed to use the drinking fountain and had to wear collars so they could be identified. Additionally, the two groups could not participate in any activities together and to demonstrate their incompetence that was initially dismissed by the blue-eyed students she provided examples in which the student hit their little sister or forgot their glasses deeming them forgetful, incompetent and mean. For the second day of the lesson, the roles were reversed and similar stereotypes were appointed.Show MoreRelatedThe Civil Right Movement : History1705 Words   |  7 Pagesequality was not granted by the white people. Essentially, the Civil Rights Movement was an important time during the 1950’s and 1960’s that helps eliminated segregation and gain equal rights for all African American citizens. 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I believe that Martin Luther King Jr. s made the mostRead MoreEssay on The Chicano Power Movement775 Words   |  4 PagesThe Chicano Power Movement The Chicano power movement of the 1960s is characterized by Carlos Munoz, jr. as a movement led by the decedents of Mexican Americans who pressed for assimilation. These young people, mostly students, became tired of listening to school rhetoric that stressed patriotism when they were being discriminated against outside the classroom. Unlike their parents, the young people of the Chicano movement did not want to assimilate into mainstream America and lose their identityRead MoreA Class Divided: Racism965 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A Class Divided† Lori Passwater Soc 164 March 3, 2009 Ms.Elliots 3rd grade class featured in A Class Divided (Frontline, 2003) The documentary â€Å"A Class Divided† is very eye opening into the world of racism and discrimination. The textbook Racial and Ethnic Groups defines racism as â€Å"a doctrine that one race is superior† and discrimination as â€Å"the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons† (SchaeferRead MoreA Class Divided Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesintegrate into groups and communities within society. Through the observation of others, people begin to develop core values, beliefs and morals. This builds bonds and develops a sense of belonging within a given group. In the documentary, A Class Divided, the power of socialization is demonstrated as a third-grade teacher gives her class a hands-on lesson in discrimination and bias by separating her class in to in-groups and out-groups. This lesson not only gives a glimpse into the power of socializationRead MoreFree Speech Freedom Of Speech 1180 Words   |  5 Pagesthe right to petition the government† (Bybee). 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Differences Between Baleen and Toothed Whales

Cetaceans are a group of aquatic mammals which include all the varieties of whales and dolphins. There are over 80 recognized species of cetaceans, including both freshwater and saltwater natives. These species are divided into two main groups: the baleen whales  and the toothed whales. While they are all considered whales, there are some important differences between the two types.   Baleen Whales Baleen is a substance made of keratin (the protein that makes up human fingernails). Baleen  whales have as many as 600 plates of baleen in their upper jaws.   Whales strain seawater through the baleen, and hairs on the baleen capture fish, shrimp, and plankton. The salt water then flows back out of the whales mouth. The largest baleen whales strain and eat as much as a ton of fish and plankton each day. There are 12 species of baleen whales which live all over the world. Baleen whales were (and still sometimes are) hunted for their oil and ambergris; in addition, many are injured by boats, nets, pollution, and climate change. As a result, some species of baleen whales are endangered or near extinction. Baleen whales: Are generally larger than toothed whales. The largest animal in the world, the blue whale, is a baleen whale.Feed on smaller fish and plankton with a filtering system made up of hundreds of baleen plates.Tend to be solitary, although they occasionally gather in groups to feed or to travel.Have two blowholes on top of their head, one right next to the other (toothed whales have only one).Female baleen whales are larger than males of the same species. Examples of baleen whales include the blue whale, right whale, fin whale, and humpback whale. Toothed Whales It may come as a surprise to learn that the toothed whales include all species of  dolphins  and porpoises. In fact, 32 species of dolphins and 6 species of porpoises are toothed whales. Orcas, sometimes called killer  whales, are actually the worlds largest dolphins. While whales are larger than dolphins, dolphins are large (and more talkative) than porpoises.   Some toothed whales are freshwater animals; these include six species of river dolphins. River dolphins are freshwater mammals with long snouts and small eyes, which live in rivers in Asia and South America. Like baleen whales, many species of toothed whales are endangered. Toothed whales: Are generally smaller than baleen whales, although there are some exceptions (e.g., the sperm whale and Bairds beaked whale).  Are active predators and have teeth that they use to catch their prey and swallow it whole. The prey varies depending on species but can include fish, seals, sea lions or even other whales.Have a much stronger social structure than baleen whales, often gathering in pods with a stable social structure.Have one blowhole on top of their head.Unlike baleen whales, males of toothed whales species are usually larger than females. Examples of toothed whales include the beluga whale, bottlenose dolphin, and common dolphin.

Whatever - 789 Words

Foxy Originals Introduction Foxy Originals, a Canadian company was founded in 1998 by Kluger and Orol. The company was focusing on designing and initially selling jewelries and acquaintances on campus while the partners were attending college. Later on, Foxy targeted her customers to retail stores. Due to the partners’ hard work, Foxy nearly doubled her revenue every year in the first three-year operation. Now Foxy has successfully sold her product lines to every retailer in Canada and handled all operations. With the success in Canada, Foxy is now considering an expansion into the US market due to its much larger size than the Canadian Jewelry market. But the problem is American consumers might not be as brand loyal as Canadian†¦show more content†¦However, the partners plan to target at reputable retail stores only, and try not to make their merchandise available on every street corner in every city. But the attendance of trade shows is quite diverse and massive, it’d be difficult to know which retail store their products would be sold at. Qualitative analysis of sales representative Sales representative is an excellent approach to â€Å"penetrate† the market. Some retailers may not get an interest in Foxy’s products at a trade show, or they simply don’t attend trade shows for some reason. Sales people would work hard to stay in touch with those customers, demonstrating products in person, and thus creating potential sales for the company. By talking one on one with the customers, sales representatives may even be able to improve customer’s brand awareness or loyalty, reinforcing the network for the company. The downside of sales representative is internal competition, this problem might be tougher for â€Å"young† company like Foxy. Plus, hiring sales representatives is costly because of the commission based on sales they personally make. Trade show fixed costs identification Fixed expenditures include show registration fee, cost of booth, transportation expenditure, product samples and promotional materials cost. The registration fee, transportation and product samples and promotional materials cost depend on the number of trade shows. Purchase of booth is a one-time cost. SalesShow MoreRelatedJust Whatever1974 Words   |  8 PagesA P European History Test Prep DBQ Free Response Questions For DBQ’s Always: 1. Provide an appropriate, explicitly stated thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question and does NOT simply restate the question. 2. Discuss a majority of the documents individually and specifically. 3. Demonstrate understanding of the basic meaning of a majority of the documents. 4. Support the thesis with appropriate interpretations of a majority of the documents. 5. Analyze point of view or bias in atRead MoreWhatever Hapenned to Morality and Values on Television1206 Words   |  5 Pagesdecent program. 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Whatever Your Answer to That Question, Does It Matter?3193 Words   |  13 Pagesâ€Å"It has been said something as small as the flutter of a butterfly’s wing can ultimately cause a typhoon halfway around the world.† ~ Chaos Theory Everyday, you make decisions that affect the path that you have taken, to different degrees, resulting in the current situation you now find yourself in. Chaos Theory reflects the fact that however small the decision may be, the consequences have the potential to be substantial. These day-to-day decisions, may have huge implications on tomorrow’s, thus

Overpopulation Free Essays

CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Background Introduction The term â€Å"Overpopulation† is the condition where the number of organisms exceeds the carrying capacity of their habitat. It has impacted the life of common man and has proved to be one of the gravest difficulties that have to be fought. It implies scarcity of resources and economic inflation; these are the monsters which can make life miserable. We will write a custom essay sample on Overpopulation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The purpose of the study is to discuss about overpopulation in our country specifically in Manila. Using library research and internet. e will elaborate the causes and effects, as well as the possible solutions to this social phenomenon. A presentation such as this is important for us to realize that our country being overpopulated is alarming. I believe that behind this studies, we can help about this problem that not only the Philippines are facing, but also in our tourism industry. The world today has to deal with many issues. All global issues are to an extent made worse due to overpopulation. Due to the lack of economic resources and land, people do not have the means required for their sustenance. This tends to lead to wars as people fight for territory which is not theirs. Overpopulation has a definite effect on a country’s economy. People who don’t have the capacity to learn and have education give a large effect in our tourism industry. Why? Simple because of the waste products they throw in our oceans, seas and other bodies of water. More people generate more waste. Solid wastes such as plastics, tin cans and bottles, when not properly disposed of, become eyesores in a place. Garbage and sewage, if left untreated, can pollute the water supply. In that way, many tourists will not visit that certain area because of the dirt or any wastes they see. Also, we have to consider the lack of natural resources because of the overpopulated areas. There are tendencies that they destroy the resources just to get foods from it or to use it as their business. With every new person adding to the world’s total population the quality of life goes down for us and the competition for resources goes up. We must find ways to cut down our energy consumption so we can effectively raise the carrying capacity of this planet, as well as maximize our resources so we can continue to live normal lives. There would also be an excess of some things, particularly trash and crime. It is just an outbreak of some kind of virus waiting to happen because trash would be everywhere. Crime is a repeating cycle. The more crime there is due to overpopulation, the more crime there will be. It usually takes an outside force to break the cycle. Crimes may affect our tourists. There are times that they will be the victims. Also, overpopulation is one of the causes of spreading of disease. In this case, the tendency of passing one disease to another may occur. Many tourists will afraid to go to those affected areas. We, as tourism students of Centro Escolar University have the heart for our country, and to have that responsibility to take care the Natural resources and beautiful sceneries given by our Heavenly Father here in our country. We know that the next generation will gain some benefits from these resources. Also, by doing this observation we will realize the importance of the population and how it will affect our tourism industry. Setting of the Study: Metro Manila Metropolitan Manila, the  National Capital Region  (NCR) or simply  Metro Manila, is the  metropolitan  region  encompassing the  City of Manila  and its surrounding areas in the  Philippines. It is composed of 16 cities, namely Manila,  Caloocan,  Las Pinas,  Makati,  Malabon,  Mandaluyong,  Marikina,  Muntinlupa,  Navotas,  Pasay,  Pasig, Paranaque,  Quezon City,  San Juan,  Taguig, and  Valenzuela, and the  Municipality of Pateros. Metro Manila is the most populous of the  twelve defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines and the  11th most populous  in the world. Brief History of Manila Long before the arrival of the Spaniards headed by Adelantado Governor Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in Manila in 1571, a town called â€Å"Maynilad† (from the word â€Å"nild†) was flourish. Pre-Spanish Maynilad was originally a Moslem settlement ruled by a Moslem sultan, Rajah Sulayman of Borneon nobility. It was a small but a prosperous trading port lying between two (2) great bodies of water, Pasig river and Manila Bay. When the Spaniards heard of this Moslem settlement on the shore of a great bay in Luzon, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (who at that time was in Panay Island) sent forth his men headed by marshall Martin de Goiti and Captain Juan de Salcedo to the first expedition to Maynilad on May 8, 1570. Upon arrival in Maynilad, the Spanish Fleet was welcomed and feted by the friendly Filipino-Moslem natives. However, the morning of May 24, 1570 proved to be a red day for the two races- for there was a fierce battle; thus the Spaniards defeated the natives and conquered Maynilad under the name of the King of Spain. Under Spain, Manila became the great entrepot in the Far East. The Manila Acapulco Galleon Trade between Philippines and Mexico flourished from the years 1571-1815. So from the 16th to the 19th centuries, Manila was Intramuros. And since Manila’s most winning characteristic is its â€Å"inflappability† – the history of Manila is the history of the Philippines. Conceptual Model INPUT PROCEDURE OUTPUT Profile of the Administration, Determine the Respondents in terms Collection, Analysis and number of Of: Interpretation of population that can 1. 1 Age Gathered data utilizing affect the Tourism 1. 2 Gender questionnaire checklist Industry as responded 1. 3 Status by selected people in the area of Manila FEEDBACK A conceptual model shows factors in our topic on how the overpopulation affects the tourism industry as responded by selected residents of Pandacan, Manila, school year 2012-2013. This figure shows the profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender, and status. In the second phase, the researchers will gather data through survey. Then interpret data through statistical method. Finally, provide the answer to the presented problem. Statement of the Problem The study aims to determine the effects of overpopulation in Metro Manila in the Tourism Industry as preceded by selected residents in Manila. Significantly, It sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: 2. 1 Gender 2. 2 Age 2. 3 Status 2. How the Overpopulation n this area affects the tourism industry in the Philippines? Assumption of the Problem The researchers assume that: 1. The respondents are sincere and fair in answering the questionnaires and survey that the researchers provided. 2. There are factors why overpopulation affects the tourism industry in that area. 3. There are reason why the researchers chose to conduct their study in Pandacan, Manila. 4. There are some things to know by the respondents and to inform them about the Importance of taking care of our environment. Significance of the Study The study will inform people about how the overpopulation affects the tourism industry, specifically those people who have no care for our environment. It also helps them to understand that our country has many tourist destinations that they have to preserve these things for the next generation. Also, this will help the tourism students to determine the answer for the problems mentioned. Definition of Terms The following terms are conceptually defined for further understanding. Overpopulation is a generally undesirable condition where an  organism’s numbers exceed the  carrying capacity  of its  habitat. The term often refers to the relationship between the  human population  and its  environment, the Earth or smaller geographical areas such as countries. Overpopulation can result from an increase in  births, a decline in  mortality rates, an increase in immigration, or an  unsustainable biome  and depletion of resources. It is possible for very sparsely populated areas to be overpopulated if the area has a meager or non-existent capability to sustain life. Tourism is important, and in some cases, vital for many  countries. It was recognized in the  Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980  as â€Å"an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational, and economic sectors of national societies and on their international relations. Tourism brings in large amounts of income in payment for  goods and services  available. We all know that Tourism is travel for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes or the provision of services to support this leisure travel. A prime factor in the tourism industry is the â€Å"Tourist† a tourist by some is defined as people who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business etc. I believe that the tourism industry is the different types of facilities provided within a country for these â€Å"tourist†. For example hotels, air transportation and accomodation, cafes, bars, restaurants etc. All of which is used to boost the level of tourism within a country. CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter will help us to understand more about how the population affects The tourism industry here in the Philippines, specifically the population in Metro Manila. Related Literature This is a major aim of ecotourism and in some areas is the reason why tourism has come to many of the area communities sourced in this study. However in this area the review of studies tended to show that tourism is providing mixed outcomes in regard to the protection and conservation of natural areas in and around the Metro Manila area. Tourism was having a negative effect on the physical environments within nd surrounding area communities. In these studies tourism development was causing the following environmental problems in Metro Manila; the accumulation of garbage, deforestation, pollution of land and water supplies and erosion. Metro Manila is the most populous of the twelve defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines and the 11th most populous in the world. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 11,855,975, comprising 13% of the national population. [2] The sum total population of provinces with a provincial density above 700 people per square kilometer more than double the national average) in a contiguous zone with Metro Manila is 25. 5 million people as of the 2007 census, one way to refer to the conurbation around Manila. Metro Manila produces about 8,400 to 8,600 tons of garbage each day which is equivalent to 25% of the national waste generation. Paper wastes account for 17% of the daily total while 16% are plastics. Efforts to reduce pollution is one of the metropolis’ major public management concerns especially with the closure of some garbage dump sites in Greater Manila. At present, collected waste from the metropolis re disposed to various MMDA-designated waste disposal facilities, namely the Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill (SLF) in Rodriguez, Payatas SLF in Quezon City and Tanza SLF in Navotas. These facilities service all 17 LGUs in Metr o Manila as well as the dispose of the garbage collected by the MMDA Agency from the different esteros and pumping stations. In addition, the agency also maintains closed disposal facilities in San Mateo, Carmona, and Antipolo (Boso Boso). CHAPTER 3 Procedures and Methods The purpose of this study is to determine the perceptions of selected people around Metro Manila and to conduct some survey. Research Methodology A descriptive research methodology was used for this study. A survey was administered to a selected sample from a specific population identified by the National School Board Association. The term ‘survey’ is commonly applied to a Research methodology designed to collect data from a specific population, or a sample from that population, and typically utilizes a questionnaire or an interview as the survey instrument (Robson, 1993). Surveys are used to obtain data from individuals about themselves, their households, or about larger social institutions (school boards). Sample surveys are an important tool for collecting and analyzing information from selected individuals. They are widely accepted as a key tool for conducting and applying basic social science research methodology (Rossi, Wright, and Anderson, 1983). Sampling Technique The research was stratified technique. The researcher divides the target population (People around the Pandacan, Manila) into different subgroups (people in every barangays) and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different subgroup. In every barangay, we will choose 100 people to be given the questionnaire and become our respondents. By employing this sampling method, the study would have an idea on the significance of the gathered responses, as we would be giving a questionnaire to unknown people around Metro Manila especially in Pandacan. Therefore, garthering answers based on their opinions. Scope and limitation The researchers will conduct with the people in Pandancan Guinto, Manila. The study was approximately 50 respondents. There are 15 to 30 years of age. Procedure of Data Gathering The researcher chooses to use the survey questionnaire as a means of gathering information. The researcher should have 10 multiple choice and close-ended questions. In addition to this, construct a simple material that can be easy to used and understand. The number of copies of questionnaire are produced with respected number of respondents from Pandacan, Manila. The answers to the questions are standardized. If possible secondary data would be used provided that are relevant to the study. These includes personal interviews, past reports, newspaper and magazines. The information founded on books and journals can also be a secondary study. From the presentation, the investigator assembles the data, collect published researches and investigation from foreign and local literatures and pieces of writing from various computer journals. The researcher also conducts interview arrangement and initiate content analysis from the verbal and documentary materials collected. Lastly, the researcher sums up everything and make a conclusion. How to cite Overpopulation, Essay examples

The History of Money

Questions: 1. Do you think we should move away from using fiat money ( paper money with no commodity backing) to one backed by gold or silver? Why /Why not? What are the advantages and disadvantages?2. Would you be able to issue your own currency? Would it be legal? How would you go about it? What would be some of the key challenges? 3. Many Americans are concerned that the US dollar is headed for extinction (just as the Zimbabwe dollar did). Why are they concerned? Why has it not yet done so? Is it likely to do so in the future? Answers: 1. Moving away from the Fiat money No moving away from the fiat money is not an good idea because it holds certain type of advantages like it cannot be duplicated like gold money. In compare to gold /silver money, it is not a subject to society in the quantity (Alonso, 2001). Along with that gold money requires cost of production , labour and employees in order to mine the ore but the fiat money is cost efficient and requires no real productions. Apart from that, fiat money is easy to carry and has less affected if the theft has occurred (Artus, 2003). Fiat money presents the advantages to government in a ways that simply not possible under gold monetary regime. However, fiat money has limited access to nations but gold alone enjoys universal appeal and confidence to make it available for the larger and smaller settlements (Alonso, 2001). Besides that, gold does not require coercive law to enforce its use as money. The fiat money value has been decreasing every year and the price of the products is increasing but the price of the gold and silver is been increasing every year (Wiegand, 1984). 2. Challenges in Issuing own currency? Issuing own currency is not legal because it is printed by the federal banks or the apex bank of the nations who are given the permission from the government. Issuing own currency is one of the biggest challenges for the countries and nations (Gkogkozotou Asithianakis, 2013). One of the major challenges for the nations before issuing of the money are surplus liquidity in the domestic banking systems. The monetary policy of the nations is other major challenges in order to issue own currency is the growth in demand for notes for purchasing the goods and services. The notes cannot be issued without the permission of the Federal reserve System which operates national central bank which is compromise of governor, regional officers in order to issue the currency for the banks (Schnabel, 2011). Apart from that, demand notes must be able to represent the fist circulation paper currency by government of Australia. The currency must be able to satisfy the both the buyer and seller during the exchange of goods and considerations (Selgin, 1994). 3. US dollar are on the verge of Extinction Most of the Americas feels the whole economy of the bubble is one verge of collapse and biggest fraud of the paper currency is by the US $ is counting its last days because of the on verge the fiat currency has span of 28 years (Shi, 1997). The $ stretched that market about 43 years now. However, sign started showing 2000. By 2008 most of the people and the economies educating themselves the rise of fall of dollar has been started. In compare to the EU currency and the , it has been found that the dollar has fallen to a 15% year low (Weir, 2013). The threat of inflations via money printing is another major strategy by US which has backfire its currency value. Reference List Journals Alonso, I. (2001). Patterns of Exchange, Fiat Money, and Coordination. Advances In Macroeconomics, 1(2). doi:10.2202/1534-6013.1026 Artus, P. (2003). Local Currency or Foreign Currency Debt?. Revue conomique, 54(5), 1013. doi:10.3917/reco.545.1013 Gkogkozotou, V., Asithianakis, P. (2013). How University Hospital of Crete Succeeded in Decreasing Cytostatics Budget in 2012?. Value In Health, 16(7), A686. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2013.08.2036 Schnabel, J. (2011). Currency Mismatching. Manage. Decis. Econ., 32(7), 487-492. doi:10.1002/mde.1549 Selgin, G. (1994). On Ensuring the Acceptability of a New Fiat Money. Journal Of Money, Credit And Banking, 26(4), 808. doi:10.2307/2077948 Shi, S. (1997). A Divisible Search Model of Fiat Money. Econometrica, 65(1), 75. doi:10.2307/2171814 Weir, D. (2013). Fiat Money, Individual Rationality and Production. Metroeconomica, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/meca.12019 Wiegand, R. (1984). More value for your company's continuing education dollar. Business Horizons, 27(1), 32-35. doi:10.1016/0007-6813(84)90072-7