Alumni Information COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Alumni Information COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I was recently speaking with our Director of Alumni Relations about some various topics and she said she was working on a short list of notable alumni for a project.   I asked for a copy and she was happy to pass it along. SIPA has over 16,000 alumni living in 150 countries around the world an incredibly powerful networking tool for students and graduates.   The list below is divided by concentration area. INTERNATIONAL SECURITY POLICY Madeleine K. Albright (Certificate ’68), Former U.S. Secretary of State; Principal, The Albright Group LLC Victor Cha (MIA ’88), Former Director for Asian Affairs, National Security Council; Associate Professor of Government and D.S. Song-Korea Foundation Chair, Georgetown University Daniel Fried (MIA ’77), Assistant Secretary, European and Eurasian Affairs, U.S. Dept. of State; Former U.S. Ambassador to Poland Francesco Mancini (MIA ’03), Associate, International Peace Institute George Tenet (MIA ’78), Former Director, CIA; Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy, Georgetown University HUMAN RIGHTS Frederick Abrahams (MIA ’95), Senior Researcher, Human Rights Watch Scott Campbell (MIA ’95), Executive Director, Elton John AIDS Foundation Malika Dutt (MIA ’86), Executive Director and Founder of Breakthrough: Building Human Rights Culture. Malika testified before the House Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight, along with actress Nicole Kidman, UNIFEM Goodwill Ambassador. Their testimony was to encourage passage of the International Violence Against Women Act (I-VAWA), which seeks to ensure that the fundamental right to live a life free from violence can become a reality for the world’s women. Priscilla Hayner (MIA ’93), Director, Peace and Justice Program; Director, Geneva Office, International Center for Transitional Justice Judy Cheng-Hopkins (MIA ’78), Assistant High Commissioner, UNHCR Geneva Rochelle Fortier Nwadibia (MIA ’82), Attorney at Law. Rochelle has won two major cases in asylum law, one of which, Mohammed v. Gonzales, is the leading federal appellate case on female genital mutilation as grounds for asylum. Her second major refugee case was Ndom v. Ashcroft, where Rochelle successfully petitioned for asylum for a Senegalese man fleeing political persecution. Both these cases are positioned quite prominently in global refugee law, notes Nwadibia. Foreign courts are citing our courts in taking the lead in these cases. Ana Cutter Patel (MIA ’98), Deputy Director, International Policymakers, International Center for Transitional Justice INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ECONOMIC POLICY Christian Deseglise (MIA ’90), Managing Director-Global Head of Emerging Markets, HSBC Global Asset Management Kirstin Frivold (EMPA ’03), Vice President, Goldman Sachs Co. Jong-ho Kyun (MIA ’00), Deputy Director, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Republic of South Korea James Leitner (MIA ’77), President, Falcon Management Corporation Bart Oostervled (MIA ’97), Senior Vice President, Moody’s Project Infrastructure ENERGY ENVIRONMENT Anna Giovinetto (MIA ’02), Vice President, Public Affairs, Noble Environmental Power Lloyd Kass (MPA ’98), Director of Energy Department, NYC Housing Authority Kedin Kilgore (MPA ’95), Head, Global Environmental Markets, JP Morgan Chase Marcus Tripp (MIA ’99), Vice President, Business Development, Exxon Mobil, Libya, Ltd. Qian Wang (ESP-MPA ’03), Deputy Director, State Environmental Protection Administration, Beijing ECONOMIC POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT Andrea S. Camoens (MIA ’97), Manager of Emerging Markets Group. John Melone Deidrick (MIA’ 85), Country Representative, Cambodia, Population Services International. John Lockwood (MIA ’97), Executive Director for Habitat for Humanity New York. Monique Pierre-Antoine (PEPM ’94), Chief of the Poverty Unit, UNDP, Haiti. Karen Paulina Poniachik (MIA ’90), Chile’s Special Envoy to the OECD URBAN SOCIAL POLICY Alisa Blum (MPA ’00), Manager of Field Operations, National League of Cities’ Center for Federal Relations Diana Bruce (MPA ’97), Director of Policy and Government Affairs, AIDS Alliance for Children, Youth and Families Neil Hernandez (MPA ’98), Commissioner, Department of Juvenile Justice Diego Andres Molano (MPA ’00), CEO, Water and Sanitation Company, Bogota, Colombia David Saltzman (MPA ’86) Executive Director, Robin Hood Foundation

Short Stories Based Women From The York Correctional...

Couldn’t keep it to Myself, by Wally Lamb was a series of short stories based women from the York Correctional Institution. Wally Lamb is an american writer who comes to York Correctional Institution to do workshop with the women and what he seen from their writing changed his inter perceptions. In which, lead Wally to take his students writings and compile them into making the book Couldn t keep it to Myself. Couldn’t keep it to Myself, has thirteen chapters about a different inmate in the workshop.Wally Lamb wrote the first chapter, and it provides background information.At frist Wally did not want to vol unteer at York Correctional Institution,but the more he showed up, the closter he got with the women.He starts learing the women stories of being in prison through their writtings and how the misconceptions of inmates and their real story behind the jailsail. Being inspired by their writing, Wally Lamb decides to come up with the money to help publish the women autobiography. When Wally took the book to one of his publishing friends, she offer to publish the book for him after reading one of the women story. Wally hopes that this book will help people abandon their biases. There are things that everyone should know about prisoners and prisons. There are hearts and minds around the world that need to be opened. That is his purpose for this Wally Lamb book. Moreover, the next eleven chapters are stories from the inmates who have taken part in Wally workshop. WhileShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Jean Valjean s Les Miserables 7860 Words   |  32 PagesStatement of the Problem Introduction Victor Marie Hugo (1831) once said, â€Å"He who opens a school door, closes a prison.† Such a brilliant reflection from this French poet and dramatist explored an astounding reality of life with one of his best-known works, Les Miserables (1862). 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The Legacy of John F. Kennedy - 1129 Words

Little Presidents relate in life and none in death. Most people know John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States, the youngest president, and one of fewest presidents that was killed. But what was JFKs legacy? JFK was born on May, 29th, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts, a quiet, clam suburb in Boston. As a child John F. Kennedy was mostly referred to the name Jack, by friends and family. His parents, Rose and Joseph Kennedy were too involved with social rank and their place in Bostons high standard society, but made an effort to afford Jack and his siblings with the best opportunities out there. By far, the Kennedys enjoyed a high standard. Life that included all types of fun activities like sailing, summer homes, amazing meals, and high quality boarding schools. Despite the family’s wealth and importance, Jacks childhood was not always so great. In the beginning of 1919, as a young child JFK started to suffer from a continuous stream of illnesses, most of the m were life threatening. Just three months before his third birthday, Jack got scarlet fever and was sent to the hospital, where he had to stay for two months. Even though he made a full recovery, Jacks scarlet fever only caused the domino effect of even more health problems. During his childhood and early teenage years, he suffered from a bunch of diseases: here are a few of the many†¦diphtheria, appendicitis, whooping cough, jaundice, asthma, and pneumonia. Careccia 2 During JFK’s teenageShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1176 Words   |  5 PagesJohn F. Kennedy did a lot for our country although his presidential term was cut short. He had a certain allure to him that Americans liked. Kennedy knew what to do to gain the votes of all different types of voters no matter their age, race, or religion. 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The Korean War started in the aftermath of World War II Free Essays

The Korean War started in the aftermath of World War II.   When the Great War that ended all wars resulted in the defeat of Japan, a new power arose in the Pan Asian area, the specter of USSR.   Stalin’s tight rein on the country and its quick and vicious rise to superpower status caused Americans to fear that the Soviet Empire would attempt to spread communism throughout the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Korean War started in the aftermath of World War II or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Eastern Europe had already been engulfed and President Truman was weary of the possibility of the rest of Asia falling into the grasp of communism. Therefore in Korea, America made a stand for democracy (Ridgeway, 15).   The United States called this policy â€Å"containment†, to contain the spread of communism because it attempts to encroach on America’s philosophy of democracy (Ridgeway, 15).   The very policy of containment arose out of fear from Secretary of State Kissinger that the Soviet Union’s eventual plan is to dominate the politics of the Pan Asian Alliance and eventually threaten the rest of Europe. The Korean War rose out of these circumstances as a battle against communism (Ridgeway, 15).   Northern Korea threatened Southern Korea through a series of hostile attacks, and after the South Korean Army with help from the US decimated the Northern Alliance, China’s quick intercession quickly changed the tides of war.   Korea was not an isolated two nation battle; rather it represented a political ideological struggle between westernization and communism (Ridgeway, 15).   Ã‚  China wanted to exert its presence following its own communist revolution as chose Korea as the testing grounds for its new army operations.   When Korea was finally split in half after indecisive battles, its role in history was forever termed as the â€Å"Forgotten War†. Vietnam occurred under similar circumstances.   The Soviet Union’s powers were at its peak during this time, having proved that they were now a nuclear power; this is the first time that these two nations met indirectly (Moise, 130).   Vietnam became the first major war in the post nuclear weapons era and it was motivated by the continuance of the theory of containment. Although large amounts of troop activity was already taking place during the John F. Kennedy era, President Johnson’s term saw the escalation of troops and combat within the region.   The North Koreans were constantly supplied via underground shipments from the Soviet Union and China, thus the war did not seem like it would end (Moise, 130).   The conclusive withdraw of US troops during Nixon’s presidency represented the first major victory and breakthrough for the communists in Asia.   As a result, the specter of the Cold War continued to loom over the world. The Iraqi war placed the United States in a unique position.   Since September 11th, the war on terrorism is very much different from the war on communism in that there are no tangible enemies.   Following unsuccessful attacks on terrorism in Afghanistan, the target of Iraq represented President Bush’s strategy of First strike defense, or preemptive strike (Roberts, 23)   This theory contends that as Iraq has an obvious hatred of the United States and has shown in that past to have harbored and still harbors weapons of mass destruction. Destroying it before it could target the United States either through direct attack or through helping terrorist cells (Roberts, 23),. This philosophy is very much motivated by a number of policies, among them was the previous attack on Iraq in Operation Desert Storm which severely weakened Saddam Hussein’s military power in the region.   However, since there was no eminent threat to the United States, there was no international consortium as large as the ones during Korea and Vietnam (Roberts, 23). Therefore, the war on Iraq is viewed by many in the international community as illegitimate and unsanctioned.   As such the political pressures from around the world are very much negative.   Even in victory, the Iraqi war now seems to have bear consequences that has harmed the United State’s position in the world political circle.   The current negotiations with the United Nations to aid in the Iraqi effort has met with resistance as the world community repeatedly contends they will not help George Bush clean up the scene of his crime.   The political undercurrents of this war may turn negative much like the results of the Vietnam resolution (Roberts, 23). Ridgway, Matthew B. He Korean War. Boston: Da Capo Press, 1988. Moise, Edwin E. Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War. North Carolina: UNC Press , 1996. Roberts, Paul. The End Of Oil: On the Edge of a Perilous New World. Seattle: Mariner Books, 2005. How to cite The Korean War started in the aftermath of World War II, Essay examples

The Rise And Fall Of Hitler Essays - Adolf Hitler, Beer Hall Putsch

The Rise And Fall Of Hitler The Rise and Fall of Hitler Adolf Hitler did not come to power in the traditional revolutionary manner. He attempted to take control by force one time and failed. This landed him in prison. The second time Hitler was ready and by manipulation and lies he got himself elected to political office. By March 23, 1933 Hitler was dictator. The rise and sudden fall of Hitler had a sensational effect on people and nations around the world. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau, Austria. His mother was Klara Hitler and father was Alois Hitler. Alois worked as a customs officer on the border crossing. Hitlers ancestors were peasants, small independent farmers or village craftsmen. His father was the first to break away. Contrary to the impression Hitler conveyed in Mein Kampf, he was neither poor nor harshly treated. His father advanced steadily in the service, and ended the highest rank open to a civil servant of his education. He had a secure income as well as the social standing of an imperial official and when he died he left his widow and children well provided for. His mom was twenty-two years younger than his father. Hitler was a choirboy, in the Benedictine Monastery of Lambach. Hitler did not do well in school. One of the teacher in his high school classified young Hitler as notorious and willful. Adolf saw no real reason to stay in high school. He left school at age sixteen without a leaving certif icate. In September 1907, Hitler left home taking with him all the money left to him by his father, who had died a few years earlier. The money would be enough for tuition and board at the art school in Vienna. Hitler applied for entrance to the school two times and was rejected both times. His artist career was over. Hitler then abandoned any thought of further education. In 1913, Hitler moved to Munich, life for him was not great there until the First World War started in 1914. While many people were frightened and sad at the thought of a world war, Hitler was delighted. He held the rank of corporal, an d in forty-seven battles he served on the Western Front as a dispatch runner, delivering messages back and forth between the front lines and the officers in the rear. Hitler was disappointed when he heard the news of Germanys surrender. After the war Hitler was given a job guarding a post. He was later given an undercover agent job. As part of Hitlers job, he investigated a party called the German Workers party. He was disgusted how the group had no organization, although he was in favor of many of the partys ideas. To follow up with his job, he joined the group to make sure they were no threat to the government. The group was severely hurting by their lack of attendance; this was mainly due to the lack of communication with the group. Hitler took hold, and made a drastic change in the publicity the group got. Hitler first succeeded in attracting over a hundred people to a meeting at which he delivered his first speech to a large audience. This meeting was a great success and subsequently in February 1920 he organized a much larger event for a crowd of nearly two thousand in the Munich Hofbrauhaus. Hitler presented a twenty-five-point program of ideas, which were to be the basis of the party. The name of the party itself was changed to the National Socialist German Workers Party or Nazi for short on April 1, 192 0. By 1921 Adolf Hitler had virtually secured total control of the Nazi party. Up to November 1923 Hitler continued to build up the strength of the Nazi Party. During this time he also plotted to overthrow the German Weimar Republic by force. On November 8, 1923 Hitler led an attempt to take over the local Bavarian Government in Munich in an action that became known as the Beer Hall Putsch. Despite initially kidnapping the Bavarian officials in the beer hall in Munich and proclaiming a new regime using their names, the coup was not successful. The officials were allowed

How A Larger Role in Today’s Church Is Helping Young Women Essays

How A Larger Role in Today’s Church Is Helping Young Women Essays How A Larger Role in Today’s Church Is Helping Young Women Essay How A Larger Role in Today’s Church Is Helping Young Women Essay Even in today’s 21st century, there is a debate on the role that women should play in the American Christian church.   Some believe that women should be relegated the traditional background roles that they’ve been subjected to in the past.   Others say that women should play more active roles, especially in regards to church leadership.   Despite the controversy over this issue, one must admit that the women’s liberation movement in America has had a profound impact on how women have advance in today’s contemporary American church. As American society began to make gradual steps like granting women the right to vote in Wyoming in 1890 and passing the 19th Amendment, which allowed all American citizens the right to vote, the church, which played an instrumental role in the development of our country, also began to make changes on the behalf of women.   In 1968 when affirmative action was passed, barring discrimination based on sexual orientation, many church leaders also began to ease the restrictions on women as it relates to accepting their ministerial credentials. After the late 1960s, women have made more strides towards gender equality in the church and in the American workplace.   In fact, thousands of women have accepted the call to minister in their churches and several women televangelists have taken their mega ministries to millions of people through television and the internet.   Nevertheless, female ministers continue face resistance from older denominations like the Baptists and some Pentecostal churches.   Other ministers preach small minded sermons that focuses on limiting women’s choices in the type of make up, hairstyles and clothing that they can wear.   This, in turn, discourages younger women from developing their spiritual lives.   As women have become liberated socially and economically, the church must minister to their needs.   Thus, as women continue to rise to leadership positions in the church, the Christian community will become more effective in ministering to the need of today’s young Americ an women. Some church leaders argue that allowing females to have a greater role in American churches would cause confusion and undermine the Christian concept of male leadership.   These leaders focus on verses from biblical scripture which include Ephesians 5:22-23, â€Å"Wives, submit to your own husbands, as to the Lord.   For the husband is the head of the wife, as also Christ is the head of the church; and He is the Savior of the body.†Ã‚   (The Holy Bible 1665) These leaders justify promoting a passive image of how women should behave in the church.   This passive image certainly does not include permitting them to take a leadership role like teaching or preaching to a congregation.     Furthermore, those who argue against female leadership also use scriptures like 1Corinthians 14:34 which states, â€Å"Let your women keep silent in the churches, for they are not permitted to speak; but they are to be submissive, as the law says.†Ã‚   (The Holy Bible 1636) Accord ing to Christian freelance writer Nathaniel L. Williams, this scripture does not forbid female Christian leadership in the 20th or 21st Century. Some of the things that Paul wrote (such as a similarly misinterpreted verse in 1 Corinthians 14 about women keeping silent) were written in the interest of keeping peace in newly formed Christian churches, as Jewish traditions were being reinterpreted in light of the Gospel.   These verses were also based on cultural norms of propriety at the time that the letter was written. (Williams 25) Other church leaders oppose the idea of women taking a greater role in churches because they feel that women do not possess the mental fortitude to lead or minister to a congregation.   Those who subscribe to this philosophy cite that women are by nature emotional creatures and it takes a rational mind to properly lead a congregation.   However, women from Wesleyan churches in the late 19th Century began to defy these stereotypes by preaching powerful evangelistic sermons.   Methodist Bishop James M. Mobun attributed Amanda Smith’s powerful evangelistic preaching to â€Å"that invisible something that we are accustomed to call power and never possessed by any Christian believer except as one of the fruits of the indwelling Spirit of God.†Ã‚   (Stanley 73) Thus, preachers like Amanda Smith had mentally strong to defy church leadership and follow their personal convictions. Preachers like Amanda Smith had to be courageous to follow beliefs because they were confronted by principalities and powers that are pervasive Christian institutions and traditions as well as their cultural generation.   These types of women were truly courageous because they came against the authorities of their day. (Stanley 71) Phoebe, who was mentioned in the book of Romans by Apostle Paul, was also a pioneer for women who lead in church leadership.   The verse states: â€Å"I commend to you Phoebe our sister who is a servant of the church in Cencherea. That you may receive her in the Lord in a manner worthy of the saints, and assist her in whatever business she has need of you; for indeed she has been a helper of many an of myself also.†Ã‚   (The Holy Bible 1619) Some Greek scholars have said that Phoebe was one of the first deacons.   However, the Greek terminology for the word â€Å"servant† in the previous verse means â€Å"minister.†Ã‚   This scripture proves that women are capable of serving in leadership positions within the Christian church. As women take a greater role in today’s church, they will be able to use their positions of authority to remedy some of the social ills that impact America.   A recent report from Norway states that women have played a tremendous role in rearing healthy Christian families.   If these Christian women could devote some of their energies toward developing programs to fight worldwide problems like illiteracy, poverty and AIDS in communities across this country, our nation could alleviate some of these problems.   Wesleyan women like Jennine Fowler were instrumental in the Temperance Crusades, which discouraged communities from overindulging in alcoholic beverages.   â€Å"These women were strengthened by The Holy Spirit, besieged tavern owners and boldly confronted the customers, demanding that they forsake alcohol and turn to God.† (Stanley 72) Reports show that Wesleyan women were also involved in mission work, which consisted of door to door poverty campaigns.   The women who participated in these outreach programs offered financial services as well as practical advice to families who were trapped in poverty.   As our nation embarks upon a new decade in two years, more people will begin to look to a church that has a balanced male and female perspective to pressing problems like gang violence, domestic abuse and joblessness. As more females take greater roles in today’s church, it would eliminate the stigma of sexism that currently exists in the Christian community.   Oftentimes, the messages that come from pulpits across America reflect the voices of male and how they view society.   Thus, the female perspective on issues like childrearing, dealing with sexual temptation and how to help manage healthy households are nonexistent.   Nevertheless, popular television evangelists like Juanita Bynum, Joyce Meyers and Paula White are ministering in a manner that addresses some of these issues and they are inspiring millions of women on a daily basis. Prophetess Juanita Bynum, an African-American female minister, is known as a bold minister who preaches candidly about her experiences with sexual sin and her recent failed marriage to a widely known minister who was accused of physically abusing her.   â€Å"She’s a great speaker and she’s not afraid to deal with hard relevant issues,† says Lesley Powers, who is currently enrolled in a local ministerial training program.   Bynum has preached to large crowds of 52,000 at â€Å"Woman Thou Art Loosed.† a popular conference hosted by successful televangelist T.D. Jakes.   â€Å"All churches especially traditional churches need to deal with issues that Juanita Bynum addresses during her meetings,† Powers adds.   â€Å"God has deposited something in her spirit and she is impacting the body of Christ with it.†Ã‚   Some attribute Bynum’s success with the release of her sermon, which became a book called â€Å"No More Sheets.†Ã‚   The book highlights Bynum’s struggles with sexual promiscuity and encourages women to become celibate until they are married.   â€Å"Many churchgoers say her straightforward message is bringing Christians and unbelievers to repentance,† Powers adds.   To reach more people, Bynum hosted a television program called â€Å"Morning Glory† which was seen on 15 television stations throughout the country. Joyce Meyer, a noted Bible teacher has also gained notoriety since launching her ministry over 20 years ago.   Meyer, who suffered sexual abuse as a child and endured an emotionally abusive first marriage, uses her ministerial platform to instruct people on how to use Biblical principles to be successful in life’s struggles.   She has authored over 70 books and conducts over 20 conferences around the world.   In February 2005, she was selected by time Time Magazine as one the top 25 evangelical leaders in America.   â€Å"Joyce Meyer speaks candidly with a sense of humor.   Its good that she tells the audience about her own shortcomings,† Powers says.   In her recent book, â€Å"The Power of Simple Prayer,† Meyer shows readers how to effectively communicate with God and shares the impact that prayer has on changing hopeless situations. Meyer works well with the public and has an instinct for what the public wants and will respond to them.   Having a financial â€Å"nest† is not especially important to Joyce and she appears to invest more emotional energy into her career or public life than her private life.   (Gaines 37) Paula White, who co-founded mega church, Without Walls, with her ex husband, began to receive national acclaim in the late 90s.   Like Meyer, she was reared in a dysfunctional home in which her father committed suicide and her mother was an alcoholic.   White also claims that caregivers physically and sexually abused her as a teenager.   Nevertheless, her ministry which includes a national television, Paula, and it is broadcast on Trinity Broadcast Network, The Miracle Channel, The Word Network and Daystar Television.   She has also been featured on numerous broadcast television shows like ABC’s 20/20, Benny Hinn’s â€Å"This Is Your Day† and The 700 Club.   â€Å"as   young women early in my Christian experience, I could relate to Paula White because we had some of the same experiences and struggles,† says Powers. Paula White’s story reverberates with men, women and children-from the business executives to the unemployed, from the rich and famous to the impoverished and poverty stricken.   She is a voice for the 21st Century:   a voice for the voiceless, boldly proclaiming a message of hope, truth and wholeness. (Gaines 42) Lastly, when women have a more active role in churches across the country, ancient Biblical prophecy will come to fruition.   In the second chapter of the book of   Acts, the   described the apostle’s experience of receiving the Holy Spirit, which Jesus Christ left to the disciples who believed that He died and was resurrected after three days. After Peter received the Holy Spirit he said, â€Å"And it shall come to pass in the last days, says God, that I will pour out My spirit and your sons and daughters shall prophesy.†Ã‚   (The Holy Bible 1550) This period in which Peter gave this speech marked the birth of the Christian Church after the day of Pentecost when the first believers were filled with The Holy Spirit.   The word â€Å"prophesy† is defined in Webster’s Dictionary as uttering by divine inspiration.   In other words, Peter was saying that men and women would be able to speak messages from God under divine inspiration in the future.   In the Christian church, those who speak under divine inspiration are ministers or leaders.   Thus, Peter foretold a time in which both men and women would serve as leaders in the church.   In addition, Jesus told his disciples after returning to earth subsequent to his death, â€Å"All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth.   Go the refore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.†Ã‚   Christian leaders need to realize that they have the responsibility of teaching nations in the 20th and 21st century, which have liberated women socially, politically and economic from male oppression.   These nations like the U.S. will not be receptive to messages which continue to keep women in religious bondage. In essence, as women take their rightful leadership roles in today’s church, the Christian community will continue powerful impact on young females as well as other facets of American society.   In the past, Christian women have demonstrated the ability to solve complex social problems.   Furthermore, popular televangelists like Juanita Bynum and Joyce Meyer have proven that women are capable of leading productive ministries that impact millions of people on a daily basis.   And finally, ancient Biblical prophecy foretold a time in which women, who have historically served in the background, would rise to positions of authority in the Christian world.  Ã‚   Thus, as feminist and women’s rights activists carved out a powerful voice for women in our country throughout the 20th century, female ministers will continue to represent the concerns and issues that young and old women face in the future.

Gustaf Kossinna [1858-1931] - Mapping the Nazis Empire

Gustaf Kossinna [1858-1931] - Mapping the Nazis' Empire Gustaf Kossinna [1858-1931] (sometimes spelled Gustav) was a German archaeologist and ethnohistorian who is widely perceived as having been a tool of the archaeology groupie and Nazi Heinrich Himmler, although Kossinna died during Hitlers rise to power. But thats not the whole story. Educated as a philologist and linguist at the University of Berlin, Kossinna was a late convert to prehistory and an ardent supporter and promoter of the Kulturkreise movement- the explicit definition of cultural history for a given area. He was also a proponent for Nordische Gedanke (Nordic Thought), which could be crudely summarized as real Germans are descended from the pure, original Nordic race and culture, a chosen race who must fulfill their historical destiny; no one else should be allowed in. Becoming an Archaeologist According to a recent (2002) biography by Heinz Grà ¼nert, Kossinna was interested in ancient Germans throughout his career, although he started out as a philologist and historian. His principal teacher was Karl Mullenhoff, a professor of German philology specializing in Germanic Prehistory at the University of Berlin. In 1894 at the age of 36, Kossinna made the decision to switch to prehistoric archaeology, introducing himself to the field by giving a lecture on the history of archaeology at a conference in Kassel in 1895, which actually didnt go very well. Kossinna believed that there were only four legitimate fields of study in archaeology: the  history of the Germanic tribes, the  origin of the Germanic peoples and the mythical Indo-Germanic homeland, archaeological verification of the philological division into east and west Germanic groups, and distinguishing between ​Germanic and Celtic tribes. By the start of the Nazi regime, that narrowing of the field had become a reality. Ethnicity and Archaeology Wedded to the Kulturkreis theory, which identified geographical regions with specific ethnic groups on the basis of material culture, Kossinnas philosophical bent lent theoretical support to the expansionist policies of Nazi Germany. Kossinna built an unarguably immense knowledge of archaeological material, in part by painstakingly documenting prehistoric artifacts in museums in several European countries. His most famous work was 1921s German Prehistory: A Pre-Eminently National Discipline. His most infamous work was a pamphlet published at the end of World War I, right after the new state of Poland was carved out of the German Ostmark. In it, Kossinna argued that Pomeranian face-urns found in Polish sites around the Vistula river were a Germanic ethnic tradition, and so Poland rightfully belonged to Germany. The Cinderella Effect Some scholars attribute the willingness of scholars like Kossinna to abandon all other archaeologies under the Nazi regime except for German prehistory to the Cinderella effect. Before the war, prehistoric archaeology suffered in comparison to classical studies: there was a general lack of funds, inadequate museum space, and an absence of academic chairs dedicated to German prehistory. During the Third Reich, high governmental officials in the Nazi party offered their gratifying attention, but also eight new chairs in German prehistory, unprecedented funding opportunities, and new institutes and museums. In addition, the Nazis funded open air museums dedicated to German studies, produced archaeological film series, and actively recruited amateur organizations using a call to patriotism. But thats not what drove Kossinna: he died before all of that came true. Kossinna began reading, writing, and speaking about Germanic racist nationalist theories in the 1890s, and he became an avid supporter of racist nationalism at the end of World War I. By the late 1920s, Kossinna made a  connection with Alfred Rosenberg, who would become minister of culture in the Nazi Government. The upshot of Kossinnas work was a blossoming of emphasis on the prehistory of the Germanic peoples. Any archaeologist who did not study the prehistory of the Germanic people was derided; by the 1930s, the main society devoted to Roman provincial archaeology in Germany was considered anti-German, and its members came under attack. Archaeologists who did not conform to the Nazi idea of proper archaeology saw their careers ruined, and many were ejected from the country. It could have been worse: Mussolini killed hundreds of archaeologists who didnt obey his dictates about what to study. The Nazi ideology Kossinna equated ceramic traditions and ethnicity  since he believed that pottery was most often the result of indigenous cultural developments rather than trade. Using the tenets of settlement archaeology- Kossinna was a pioneer in such studies- he drew maps showing the supposed cultural boundaries of the Nordic/Germanic culture, which extended over nearly all Europe, based on textual and toponymic evidence. In this manner, Kossinna was instrumental in creating the ethno-topography which became the Nazi map of Europe. There was not uniformity among the high priests of Nazism, however: Hitler mocked Himmler for focusing on the mud huts of the Germanic people; and while party prehistorians like Reinerth distorted the facts, the SS destroyed sites like Biskupin in Poland. As Hitler put it, all we prove by that is that we were still throwing stone hatchets and crouching around open fires when Greece and Rome had already reached the highest stage of culture. Political Systems and Archaeology As archaeologist Bettina Arnold has pointed out, political systems are expedient when it comes to their support of research that presents the past to the public: their interest is usually in a usable past. She adds that abuse of the past for political purposes in the present is not restricted to obviously totalitarian regimes like Nazi Germany. To that I would add: political systems are expedient when it comes to their support of any science: their interest is usually in a science that says what the politicians want to hear and not when it doesnt do that. Sources Arnold B. 1990. The past as propaganda: totalitarian archaeology in Nazi Germany. Antiquity 64(244):464-478.Arnold B. 1998. The power of the past: Nationalism and archaeology in 20th century Germany. Archaeologia Polona 35-36:237-253.Arnold B. 2006. ‘Arierdmmerung’: race and archaeology in Nazi Germany. World Archaeology 38: Race, Racism and Archaeology (1):8-31.Boudou E. 2005. Kossinna meets the Nordic Archaeologists. Current Swedish Archaeology 13(121-139).Cornell P, Borelius U, Kresa D, and Backlund T. 2007-2008. Kossinna, the Nordische Gedanke, and Swedish Archaeology. Current Swedish Archaeology 15-16:37-59.Curta F. 2007. Some remarks on ethnicity in medieval archaeology. Early Medieval Europe 15(2):159-185.Fehr H. 2002. Review of Gustaf Kossinna (1858–1931), Vom Germanisten zum Prhistoriker, Ein Wissenschaftler im Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik, by Heinz Grà ¼nert. Bulletin of the History of Archaeology 14(1):27-30.Mees B. 2000. Và ¶lkische Altno rdistik: The Politics of Nordic Studies in the German-Speaking Countries, 1926-45. Old Norse Myths, Literature and Society: 11th International Saga Conference 2–7 July 2000, University of Sydney: Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Sydney Sydney. p 316-326. Rebay-Salisbury KC. 2011. Thoughts in Circles: Kulturkreislehre as a Hidden Paradigm in Past and Present Archaeological Interpretations. In: Roberts BW, and Vander Linden M, editors. Investigating Archaeological Cultures: Material Culture, Variability, and Transmission. New York, NY: Springer New York. p 41-59.